Abstract: In order to explore the genetic diversity and structure of Bupleurum chinense, we used 18 pairs of SSR molecular markers to analyze the genetic diversity of 619 individuals in 62 cultivated and wild populations of Bupleurum chinense from Shanxi and the surrounding provinces. The results show that the 62 Bupleurum chinense populations have high genetic diversity, with that of the wild Bupleurum chinense populations greater than that of cultivated populations. AMOVA analysis indicated that genetic variation within populations was greater than between populations. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) divided the Bupleurum chinense populations into 3 groups, the first group containing wild Bupleurum chinense populations from all parts of Shanxi, the second group consisting of cultivated Bupleurum chinense populations from Shanxi, Hebei, Shaanxi and Liaoning, and the third group consisting of cultivated Bupleurum chinense from Shanxi and Gansu. STRUCTURE software cluster genetic structure analysis grouped the 62 Bupleurum chinense into two populations:the first group composition was the same as the population classified as the third category in the PCoA analysis, while the second group includes the populations from the first and second categories of the PCoA. PCoA, cluster genetic structure analysis, and NJ tree cluster all gather wild Bupleurum chinense population into a single category, distinguishing it from the cultivated populations. This study provides a theoretical basis for the utilization of germplasm resources, genetic variation and the development of quality germplasm resources for Bupleurum chinense.