Abstract: Vaccines are often administered by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. Although these methods can effectively deliver vaccine antigens to the body and trigger the immune response. However, there are also some limitations, such as injection pain, complex operation, strict transportation conditions, poor immunogenicity and stability of the vaccine. With the development of technology, skin administration has become another new way to solve the above-mentioned problems of vaccine. Among the many ways of skin administration, microneedles show unique advantages and potential. This paper briefly describes the mechanism of microneedle transdermal immunity and its advantages over traditional injection. This paper briefly describes the mechanism and advantages of transdermal immunity of microneedles, enumerates the classification of microneedles, focuses on the design concept, structural advantages and preparation technology of bionic microneedles, and analyzes its application potential in vaccines. At the same time, this paper briefly describes the application of microneedle in vaccine, including bacterial infection, viral infection, cancer treatment and current clinical application progress. The challenges and prospects of microneedle vaccine are summarized from the aspects of safety, stability and acceptability of microneedle vaccine.