Abstract: Fingerprint refers to the chromatography, spectrum or other visual data that can identify the essential characteristics of certain substances or components with complex ingredients after proper processing and analysis. The analysis of effect components in biological samples is characterized by complex biological medium components, large differences in physical and chemical properties, complex and diverse metabolic reactions of effect components, and mainly trace amounts of prototypes and metabolites. Therefore, accurate and rapid determination of the effect components is of great significance. The advantages and disadvantages of each method in recent years are analyzed. The development trend of fingerprint technology in the analysis of effect components in biological samples is prospected in the future, so as to provide reference for the development and application of fingerprint technology in the field of biological sample detection.