Sphingolipids as an important regulator play a critical role in the cell biological functions.  Among them, ceramide (Cer) and sphingosine (Sph) induce apoptosis and inhibit cell proliferation; on the contrary sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) promotes cell survival and proliferation.  The balance between ceramide/sphingosine and S1P forms a so-called “sphingolipid-rheostat”, which decides the cell fate.  Sphingosine kinases, which catalyze the phosphorylation of sphingosine to S1P, are critical regulators of this balance.  Here, we review the role of sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) in regulating fundamental biological processes and tumorigenesis and the potential of SphK1 as a new target for cancer therapeutics.