Abstract: A new sesquiterpenelactone compound was isolated along with the known anisatin and shikimic acid from pericarps of the fruit of lllicium simonsii Maxim., family Magnoliaceae, collected in Sichuan province. This new sesquiterpene lactone compound exhibited high toxicity in mice. The structure of which was elucidated as 2-oxo-6-deoxyneoanisatin (Ⅰ) based on spectral evidences. The detailed physical and chemical data were presented.