Research progress of plant-derived extracellular vesicles as drug carriers

Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) are lipid bilayer-structured nanovesicles secreted by plant cells, recognized as excellent drug carriers due to their high stability, safety, and modifiability. As an emerging drug delivery system, PDEVs are gaining increasing attention. This review systematically summarizes the latest research progress on the preparation, characterization, engineering transformation, drug loading methods, and the applications and advantages of PDEVs as drug carriers. Finally, the future development directions of PDEVs in drug delivery are discussed.