Strategy of molecular drug design: dual-target drug design

Physiology-based and target-based drug discovery constitutes two principal approaches in drug innovation, which are mutually complementary and collaborative.  With the target-based approach, a lot of  new molecular entities have been marketed as drugs.  However, many complicated diseases such as cancer, metabolic disorders, and CNS diseases can not be effectively treated or cured with one medicine acting on a  single target.  As simultaneous intervention of two (or multiple) targets relevant to a disease has shown     improved therapeutic efficacy, the innovation of dual-target drugs has become an active field.  Dual-target drug can modulate two receptors, inhibit two enzymes, act on an enzyme and a receptor, or affect an ion channel and  a transporter.  From viewpoint of molecular design, there are three approaches to construct a dual-target drug molecule.  A connective molecule can simply be realized by combining two active molecules or their     pharmacophores with a linker; while an integrated molecule comes into an entity either by fusing or by merging the common structural or pharmacophoric features of two active molecules, depending on the extent of the  common features.  The latter approach facilitates the reduction of molecular size and molecular weight and the optimal overlap between the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic spaces, which will certainly elevate the probability of being a drug.